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The territory of the modern state of Iraq was defined in 1920 as Mandatory Iraq. It is centered on Lower Mesopotamia (corresponding to historical Babylonia, later also known as ʿIrāq-i ʿArab) but also includes part of Upper Mesopotamia and of the Syrian Desert and the Arabian Desert.

As part of the larger Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia saw the earliest emergence of civilization in the Neolithic (the Ubaid period) Age and formed a significant part of the Ancient Near East throughout the Bronze Age and the Iron Age (Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian).[1] After the fall of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, Mesopotamia fell under Persian and then Greek rule. By the 3rd century, when it was once again under Persian (Sassanid) control, the earlier population was increasingly displaced by Arabs, and the Arabic name al-ʿIrāq dates to about this time.[2]

The Sassanid Empire was destroyed by the Islamic conquests and displaced by the Rashidun Caliphate in the 7th century. Baghdad became the center of the "Islamic Golden Age" under the Abbasid Caliphate during the 9th century. Baghdad's rapid growth stagnated in the 10th century due to the Buwayhid and Seljuq invasions, but it remained of central importance until the Mongol invasion of 1258. After this, Iraq became a province of the Turco-Mongol Ilkhanate and declined in importance. After the disintegration of the Ilkhanate, Iraq was ruled by the Jalairids and Kara Koyunlu until its eventual absorption into the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, intermittently falling under Iranian Safavid and Mamluk control.
伊拉克的现代国家的领土在1920年被定义为强制性伊拉克。它的中心在较低的美索不达米亚（对应于历史巴比伦，以后也称为'Irāq-I'Arab），而且还包括上美索不达米亚和叙利亚沙漠和阿拉伯沙漠的一部分。

由于较大的肥沃新月的一部分，美索不达米亚看到文明在新石器时代（在欧贝德时期）年龄最早出现和整个青铜时代和铁器时代形成的古代近东的显著部分（苏美尔，阿卡德，巴比伦和亚述）。[1]新巴比伦帝国灭亡后，美索不达米亚下跌下波斯和希腊再治。 3世纪，当它再次被波斯（萨珊）控制下，早期的人口越来越多地被阿拉伯人流离失所，以及阿拉伯名字AL-'Irāq追溯到大约在这个时候。[2]

萨珊帝国被伊斯兰征服破坏，在公元7世纪由正统哈里发时期流离失所。巴格达成了“伊斯兰黄金时代”下的阿巴斯哈里发的9世纪时的中心。巴格达的快速增长，由于Buwayhid和塞尔柱入侵10世纪停滞，但它仍然是至关重要的，直到1258年的这之后，蒙古人入侵，伊拉克成为土耳其 - 蒙古伊儿汗国的一个省，其重要性有所下降。在伊儿汗国解体后，伊拉克由Jalairids和黑羊王朝统治，直到其最终吸收到奥斯曼帝国在16世纪，在伊朗的萨法维和马穆鲁克控制间歇性地下降。


History of Iraq

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